Table 1 Types of emergence identified by Fromm (Fromm 2005 ; complex adaptive systems wiki 2013 )
From: Agent-based modeling and simulation of emergent behavior in air transportation
Type of emergence | Name | Type of feedback | Predictability |
|---|---|---|---|
Type I | Nominal or Simple Emergence | No Feedback | Predictable |
Type II | Weak Emergence | Top-down feedback | Predictable in principle |
Type III | Multiple Emergence | Multiple feedback loops | Not Predictable (Chaotic) |
Type IV | Strong Emergence | Multiple feedback loops | Not Predictable, even in principle |