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Table 2 Performance evaluation of energy management techniques

From: Self organization based energy management techniques in mobile complex networks: a review

Energy management technique

Implementation

Evaluated YES/NO

Evaluation setup/ methodology

Energy consumption

Operating Systems

Cinder (Roy et al. 2011)

Abstractions are implemented in the Cinder kernel, which runs on AMD64, i386, SPARC, and ARM architectures. It is freely available on Internet

Yes

HTC Dream (Google G1), based on the Qualcomm MSM7201A chipset

12.5% total system power reduction over the 20min experiment

ErdOS (Vallina-Rodriguez 2011)

Prototype is implemented as an extension of the Android OS

No

N/A

Authors claim that it improves the battery capacity of smart phones by managing resources proactively

CondOS (Zhao 2011)

N/A

No

N/A

Authors claim that it provides several opportunities for energy reduction, such as shared dataflow processing, dataflow-to-hardware mapping, and principled flow degradation

CONTEXTO (Schirmer and Bertel 2014)

Prototype is currently available as an iOS framework

Yes

Apple iPhone 4, 4S, and 5

Provides energy-awareness to developers of context-aware applications

AURA (Pasricha et al. 2015)

Prototype is implemented as a middleware on two android based smart phones

Yes

HTC Dream and Nexus One

Can achieve up to 29% energy savings as compared to the baseline device manager & it’s 5 times more energy efficient then previous approaches

Software Solutions

Energy-efficient Wireless Interfaces

Catnap (Dogar and Steenkiste 2010)

Prototyped in C for the Linux environment

Yes

Nokia N810 and IBM Thinkpad T60 both supporting 802.11 PSM

Allows the NIC to sleep for around 40% of the time for a 10MB transfer while 70% of the time for a 5MB transfer. Improves battery capacity up to 2-5x for real devices like Thinkpad T60 & Nokia N810

NAPman (Rozner et al., 2010)

Prototyped using the MadWifi v0.9.4 driver for Atheros-based WiFi cards on the Linux platform

Yes

HP iPAQ hw6945, iPhone 3GS, gPhone HTC Magic and HTC Tilt 8900

Under varied settings of background traffic, it improves the energy savings on a smartphone by up to 70% while ensuring fairness

Bartendr (Schulman et al. 2010)

N/A

Yes

4 cellular networks across 2 metropolitan areas, one in US & the other in India, and spans 3G networks based on both EVDO & HSDPA

Significant energy savings of up to 10% for email sync and up to 60% for on-demand streaming

SALSA (Ra et al. 2010)

Implemented SALSA algorithm in Urban Tomography system which runs on the Nokia N95 smartphone, having 802.11b/g WiFi interface, 3G/EDGE, a 2GB micro-SD card, & supports 640x480-resolution video recording capability

Yes

Nokia N95 and Android G1

Closer to an empirically determined optimal than any other alternatives compared with it, and, can save 10-40% of battery for some workloads

PhoneJoule (Liu et al. 2013)

Prototype is implemented using java and Eclipse integrated with Android SDK & ADT. It can work on all smartphones which support Android OS 2.2 or later versions

Yes

ZTE v880 smartphone which supports Android OS 2.2 and SEMO to measure power consumption

Very effective for energy saving in smartphones and makes it very convenient for users to manage battery usage of their smartphones

PerES (Cui et al., 2013)

Implemented as a traffic management application by utilizing IPTABLES (a system tool in Android)

Yes

Google Nexus S and Monsoon Power Monitor device

Better than peer schemes, TailEnder & SALSA. Using 821 million traffic flows collected from commercial cellular carrier, it can achieve on average 32% to 56% energy savings with different levels of user experience

Energy-efficient Sensors

A-loc (Lin 2010)

Prototype is implemented on an Android G1 phone

Yes

Android G1 and AT&T Tilt phones, on paths that include indoor and outdoor locations, using war driving data from Microsoft & Google

Saves significant amount of energy and also improves the accuracy

Adaptive location-sensing framework (Zhuang et al., 2010)

Design principles are implemented as a middleware on G1 Android Phone with OS version 1.5 Cupcake, by modifying the Application Framework

Yes

G1 Android Developer Phone (ADP)

Minimize the usage of the energy-consuming GPS up to 98% and improve battery life by up to 75%

RAPS (Paek et al., 2010)

Prototype is implemented in Symbian C++ for the Symbian S60 3rd FP1 devices

Yes

Nokia N95-3 smartphone, with GPS, accelerometer, Bluetooth, WiFi and 3G/EDGE interfaces, & 2GB micro-SD card

Can increase phone battery by more than a factor of 3.8 as compared to the approach where GPS is always on

Bayesian Networks (Yi and Cho 2012)

Proposed context-aware system for GPS has prototyped as an application in Android platform

Yes

LG SU-660 with Android OS 2.2 version

Active person and inactive person can save energy of about 5% and 3% per hour, respectively

Jigsaw (Lu et al. 2010)

Proposed continues sensing engine has implemented on two smartphone platforms, Nokia N95 & Apple iPhone, as background service and library, respectively

Yes

Nokia N95 and Apple iPhone

Authors claim that Jigsaw is capable of performing long-term energy efficient GPS tracking without sacrificing the accuracy. However, the paper lacks clear performance evaluation results

WheelLoc (Wang et al. 2013)

Implemented as a continuous background system service on NexusOne phones running Android 2.3

Yes

NexusOne phones with Android OS 2.3 version

Can return a location estimate within 40ms with an accuracy about 40 meters, consumes only 240mW energy, & effectively strikes a better energy-accuracy tradeoff than GPS duty-cycling

Energy-efficient Computation-offloading

MAUI (Cuervo and Balasubramanian 2010)

Prototype is implemented on HTC Fuze smartphone running Windows Mobile 6.5 with .Net Compact Framework v3.5

Yes

HTC Fuze smartphone running Windows Mobile 6.5 with .Net Compact Framework v3.5 and for MAUI server, dual-core desktop with 3GHZ & 4GB RAM running Win 7

For 4 applications running on Windows Mobile phones, it can achieve energy conservation of up to one order of magnitude

Cuckoo (Kemp et al., 2012)

Integrates with the popular open source Android framework and the Eclipse development tool

Yes

2 real world apps that contain heavy weight computation, eyeDentify and PhotoShoot

With little effort computation off-loading can be enabled for object recognition and gaming app, using the Cuckoo framework

Synergy (Kharb et al., Kharbanda et al. 2012)

Prototype implementation is developed for the Android operating system

Yes

2 compute intensive apps – image smoothing & video processing running on Google Nexus S with Android OS 2.2 version and PowerTutor

Can save up to 30.6% of the system battery with less than 5% latency penalty

MADNet (Ding et al., 2013)

Prototype is implemented on Nokia N900 smartphones

Yes

Nokia N900, Nokia E71 and Samsung Nexus S. Energy Profiler application and Monsoon Power Monitor

Can achieve more than 80% energy saving

Self learning off-loading scheme (Arora 2014)

N/A

No

N/A

Authors claim that enabling the off-loading system to self learn makes it more reliable, fast and energy efficient

Battery Management Mobile Applications

Batter Doctor (CMCM) 2015) (Inc.2014)

Android and iOS platform

Yes

Android and iOS

It allows users to quickly look up battery status as well as track down what applications are draining battery life. It also helps to charge the device healthily with 3 Stage Charging system and it can extend the battery life up to 50%

Clean Master (Mobile 2015)(Singhal 2014)

Android

Yes

Android and AV-TEST

Multifunctional application which works like a cleaner and as an antivirus at the same time. It can boosts mobile applications by almost 32% and it also protects the device from unwanted malware & spyware

Hardware solutions

Little Rock (Priyantha and Lymberopoulos 2011)

Integrated Little Rock into an actual prototyping phone

Yes

Pedometer app while running on the phone, on Little Rock as well as on a hybrid architecture that includes the phone with an embedded Little Rock board

For a pedometer application, the energy savings by running with Little Rock is

three orders of magnitude

compared to the normal approaches

MobileHub (Haichen et al., 2014)

Prototyped with a sensor hub comprised of an 8-bit AVR micro-controller attached to sensors, and by extending the Android OS to use this sensor hub

Yes

Galaxy Nexus phones with Android OS 4.2.2 version

For three applications downloaded from the Android marketplace, it can improve power consumption by up to 83%, with no effort from the developer