Fig. 1From: On the modeling and analysis of the biological regulatory network of NF-\({\kappa }\)B activation in HIV-1 infectionHIV signaling and activation of Immune system in Macrophages (M\(\Phi\)). HIV proteins modify the signaling pathways in both infected and uninfected cells by activating the transcription factors like NF-κB and AP-1. NF-κB has binding sites for both HIV LTR (long terminal repeat) as well as for TNF-α promoter (Adapted from Herbein et al. 2010)Back to article page