Table 1 Ground autonomous vehicles development timeline
From: Road collisions avoidance using vehicular cyber-physical systems: a taxonomy and review
Time line | Organization/automaker | Reference |
|---|---|---|
1920–1950 | Achen Motor Company | Anderson et al. (2014) |
1980 | Univ. Bundeswehr Munich | Cord (2009) |
1984 | ALV | Cord (2009) |
1987 | Mercedes Benz | Cord (2009) |
1994 | Univ. Bundeswehr Mnchen | Dickmanns et al. (1994) |
1998 | University of Pavia | Broggi et al. (1999) |
2007 | Braunschweig University, Berlin University | Rauskolb et al. (2008) |
2010 | Google Car | Markoff (2010) |
2012 | Stanford University | Funke et al. (2012) |
2013 | Ford, Toyota Lexus, Nissan | Lari et al. (2014) |
2014 | R&D, Audi AG | Fleming (2015) |
2014 | Google car | Manawadu et al. (2015) |