Table 2 Overview of state of the art ground autonomous vehicles
From: Road collisions avoidance using vehicular cyber-physical systems: a taxonomy and review
S. no | State of the art | Collision detection hardware | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | Automaker-BMW | Vision system using cameras, LIDAR system, 360° radar, and ultrasonic sensors | Goodrich (2013) |
2 | Automaker-Audi | Differential GPS and 3D cameras | Payre et al. (2014) |
3 | Automaker-Ford | LIDAR | Lari et al. (2014) |
4 | Automaker-Toyota-Lexus | Laser tracking, stereo cameras, GPS and mm-wave radar | Meinel (2014) |
5 | Automaker-Nissan | Cameras, radar | Bimbraw (2015) |
6 | Non-automaker-Google | LIDAR, array of sensors | Fleming (2015) |
7 | Academia-Al-Zaher et al. | Low-cost webcam with 320 × 240 pixels | Al-Zaher et al. (2012) |
8 | Academia-Choe et al. | Stereo camera, 2-axis actuator, and a computer | Park (2008) |
9 | Academia-Chen et al. | GPS | Chen et al. (2012) |